Executive Summary

The Golden Crescent and the Death Triangle—the two have become extremely significant to India, with a focus on the very intricate dynamics of drug trafficking and far-reaching consequences. The Golden Crescent comprises Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran, and the Death Triangle concerning Myanmar, Thailand, and Laos— all are major centres of production and narcotics distribution. The immediate challenges of this phenomenon for the nation are increasing addiction cases, public health crises, and organised crime, as 70% of contraband drugs enter India through maritime routes. The paper highlights historical trends, current policy responses, and socio-economic and security implications of drug trafficking in India. Based on a thorough analysis, it underscores the need for greater regional cooperation and multifaceted strategies toward addressing the growing menace of drug-related issues. Ultimately, this research serves value in informing the policymakers and stakeholders about the critical interplay between these regions and India, emphasising collaborative efforts that may further stability and improve public health outcomes.

Keywords: Golden Crescent, Golden Triangle, Drug Trafficking

Introduction

‘Drug Trafficking’ has emerged as the new evil of the 21st century. It encompasses the production, distribution, and sale of substances that are otherwise prohibited as per law. 70% of the total contraband drugs that illegally enter India reach the country through sea routes in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. The Golden Crescent mainly consists of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran, a notorious hub for opium production. Meanwhile, there is the Death Triangle, which has been formed by Myanmar, Thailand, and Laos, which is a critical route for narcotics distribution. According to the UN Office on Drugs and Crime World Drug Report, 2024, it was observed that India is one of the world’s leading opiate markets in terms of users. This paper therefore examines the huge impact these regions have on India, i.e., the economic, social, and security implications.

India, of course, is a neighbour to high-risk countries like Pakistan, Myanmar and Afghanistan, and, as such, it has had to face the shadow drug economy’s many problems—escalating addiction rates, public health crises, and violent, organised crime. The flow of narcotics puts pressure on individual lives but also on public health services and law enforcement efforts. The political consequences of drug trafficking can destabilise communities and create challenges for governance.

This study aims to illuminate the complexities of such a scenario using historical trends, current policy responses, and ill effects of the drug network among these regions. A critical understanding of the impact of the Golden Crescent and Death Triangle is crucial for devising effective prevention strategies to fight drug-related problems in India and for regional cooperation for improved security and stability.

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