Executive Summary

The advent of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) marks a transformative era in the maritime industry, driven by cutting-edge technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and automation. These innovations promise to enhance efficiency, safety, and environmental sustainability while reducing operational costs. Pioneering vessels such as the “MV Yara Birkeland” and the “Mayflower 400” exemplify the potential of autonomous shipping to revolutionize cargo transport and oceanographic research. However, the integration of MASS into global maritime operations presents significant challenges, particularly in legal and regulatory domains. Indian maritime law, steeped in traditional seafaring practices, faces a critical need for adaptation to address complexities related to liability, insurance, and compliance with international standards. This paper examines the challenges and opportunities posed by autonomous shipping within the Indian context, emphasizing the necessity for policy reforms, technological innovation, and collaboration with global regulatory bodies. By proactively addressing these issues, India can harness the potential of MASS to achieve leadership in maritime technology and sustainable innovation.

Keywords: MASS, Indian Maritime Law, Autonomous Shipping Regulations, Maritime Technology Innovation

Introduction

Overview of Autonomous Ships

Autonomous ships represent a transformative advancement in maritime technology, incorporating varying degrees of automation to support or replace human intervention in vessel operations. These ships leverage advanced technologies such as sensors, artificial intelligence (AI), and self-learning systems to navigate, detect obstacles, chart routes, and perform essential tasks. They range in size and function, from small hydrographic survey ships to large container vessels, serving purposes like goods transportation, maritime surveillance, and research.

Key Features and Benefits:

1. Enhanced Safety: By reducing human error through automation and decision-support systems, autonomous ships offer safer operations. They employ sensor fusion and AI for accurate object detection and obstacle avoidance, surpassing traditional human observation.
2. Efficiency and Speed: Autonomous ships optimize routes based on factors like weather and traffic, reducing fuel consumption and travel time. Their ability to operate continuously without breaks ensures faster and uninterrupted voyages.
3. Environmental Benefits: With fuel-efficient operations and minimized emissions, autonomous vessels contribute to greener maritime practices.
4. Innovation and Economic Growth: Autonomous technologies drive advancements in smart ports and communication systems, fostering new business opportunities and increasing competitiveness in the maritime industry.