Abstract

This research paper investigates the influence of per capita income on election results in India, examining how economic status affects voter behaviour and political affiliations. Utilizing data from recent elections and various economic indicators, the study analyzes the relationship between income levels and voting patterns across diverse regions and constituencies. The findings reveal a significant correlation between per capita income and electoral outcomes, with wealthier constituencies tending to favour parties with pro-business policies. At the same time, lower-income areas often support parties emphasizing social welfare and poverty reduction. The research highlights the role of regional disparities and socio-economic factors, such as education and caste, in shaping voting behaviour. By understanding these dynamics, the study underscores the need for policies promoting inclusive growth and reducing income inequality to foster equitable political representation. This paper concludes that although per capita income is important in electoral dynamics, it interacts with a complex set of socio-economic determinants, and all approaches must be taken to address the economic and political challenges in India. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the financial drivers of voter behaviour and provides insight for decision-makers and political actors seeking to increase participation and democracy.

Keywords: Per Capita Income, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Economic Voting

Introduction

Per capita income measures the amount of money earned by every person in a particular country, state, or city. It determines the average income of a person in that specific region. It indicates the standard of living and the quality of life of people in the geographical location under consideration. The per capita income of a country is calculated by dividing its national income by its population, including men, women, and children. Per capita income helps study statistics, economics, and many other fields.  GDP per capita is widely used by economists, policymakers, and analysts to compare economic development and living standards among nations. It helps in evaluating the economic health of a country, understanding income distribution, and assessing the impact of economic policies and strategies. 

The relationship between economic conditions and electoral outcomes is a well-studied phenomenon in political science. Economic conditions can significantly influence voter behaviour and the results of elections. Economic voting is a theoretical perspective that argues that voter behaviour is heavily influenced by the economic conditions in their country at the time of election. Retrospective voting is when voters tend to reward or punish incumbents based on the current economic conditions. If the economy is doing well, the incumbents are likely to be re-elected. Conversely, if the economy is performing poorly, voters are more likely to vote for opposition parties. Prospective voting is when voters make decisions based on their expectations of future economic performance. There are certain key economic indicators which influence the voter’s behaviour and choices during elections. High economic growth in terms of a country’s GDP is favourable for incumbents. It signals economic health and prosperity. A high unemployment rate can boost voter dissatisfaction with the current government, while a low unemployment rate can boost the opposition party’s chances of succeeding in the elections. High inflation erodes purchasing power and leads to voter discontent. Stable and low inflation rates are desirable for the government in power in terms of their electoral results. Rising incomes and reduced inequality are associated with voter satisfaction, whereas stagnating or declining incomes can lead to dissatisfaction among the electorate. Higher per capita income generally correlates with higher voter support as it indicates economic well-being and better standards of living. Also, the differences in per capita income across regions can influence regional voting patterns. Areas with lower per capita income may very well cast their votes against the present government if they feel that they are being neglected. This paper is written with the specific objective of analysing the effect of per capita income on election results, voter behaviour, regional disparities, and political preferences. This paper also analyses the effect of per capita income on electoral results in the context of the Indian elections, the largest political exercise of the world of the largest democracy.

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